To Pledge or Not to Pledge---Is That the Question Essay

Take a moment to recall some of the patriotic symbols that help embody the spirit of our nation: the bald eagle, the Statue of Liberty, or even the national anthem. Among others promoting the civic duties and democratic virtues prized by our American society, nothing has caused as much controversy as the recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in public schools. At the start of a new school day, every classroom of a government run school would be ringing with the chorus of America’s youth delivering the pledge in an almost autonomous way. The reason why this is such a big deal is due to the fact that to some, including myself, believe the words â€Å"under God† suggests a breach of the first amendment. As of late, our country has been in the†¦show more content†¦Ironically, the Pledge of Allegiance originated from the hand of a social minister and chairman of the National Education Association, Francis Bellamy. Bellamy’s goal with the initial 23 word pled ge was to impress it upon receptive, youthful minds, and convey the compassion and the patriotic duty deserving of the Republic. As a result, â€Å"more than 12 million public school children in every state in the Union† spoke the Pledge of Allegiance that day (Moss 2006). Since then, it has been a catalyst for tradition turned into mandatory law. Over the course of 62 years, Bellamy’s pledge has been revised three times, and the more specific it seemed to get, the momentum of controversy grew. The first set of phrases to be exchanged was from â€Å"my flag,† to â€Å"the flag of the United States† in June 1923 (Moss 2006). The reason was due to the massive influx of immigrants and their interpretation of the Pledge; the committee of the First National Flag Conference wanted to clarify to people who migrated to the States that it was specifically the United States flag and not their indigenous flag they were saluting to. The following year, â€Å"of America† was attached to the tail end of â€Å"United States;† forty years later, as courtesy of then President Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Pledge of Allegiance was modified to accommodate the phrase â€Å"under God† in between â€Å"one Nation,† and â€Å"indivisible† in June of 1954. PresidentShow MoreRelatedThe Pledge Of Alle giance From A Very Young Age1295 Words   |  6 PagesThe Pledge of Allegiance was taught to me at a very young age. Most children in the United States learn the Pledge in Kindergarten. As a child I never questioned the phrase â€Å"Under God†. Perhaps I did not question it because I was raised as a believer of God. Fortunately, with age, I have become more of a critical thinker. I have become more cultured and knowledgeable to the people who differ from me. Not every American citizen is a believer of God; there are various religions with different or multipleRead MoreThe Reflection Of Francis Bellamys Pledge Of Allegiance1092 Words   |  5 PagesIn the early year of 1893, Francis Bellamy beautifully crafted a pledge that will be twisted over years of alteration, creating a constrained symbol of national bond submersed in religious controversy. The original text of Francis Bellamy’s Pledge of Allegiance was recited with a salute as, â€Å"I pledge allegiance to my flag and the Republic for which it stands-one nation, indivisible-with liberty and justice for all.† Reading this text, one may notice a lack of a well known excerpt; â€Å"under God.† PeopleRead MoreI Am My Research Hypothesis1690 Words   |  7 Pagesthrough my one on one interviews and core questions. I used my core questions and people skills to conduct the interviews properly. When speaking with each woman I interviewed, I explained to them that I was asking them questions for a research project. After this, I read the core questions directly from my iPhone that I wanted to ask the women. I made sure that I spoke clearly and annunciated each word I spoke so that I would not have to repeat the questions. After interviewing each woman, I went homeRead MoreWhy God Should be Taken Out of the Pledge of Allegiance Essay932 Words   |  4 Pagesnation, but do they have to show loyalty to â€Å"God†? When saying the pledge, one must elicit the words â€Å"one na tion under God.† This not only contradicts freedom of religion, but it draws attention away from the purpose of pledging loyalty to America. It’s the Supreme Court’s responsibility to make sure there is an equal chance for fairness. Only the Supreme Court can override the decision to not remove â€Å"under God† from the pledge. 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Doing what is right and personal integrity is two different features of ethics. In a business world, the Code of ethics is â€Å"a company’s written standards of ethical behavior that are designed to guide managers and employees in making theRead More Terrorism, Patriotism and the Farce of the Pledge of Allegiance1179 Words   |  5 Pagesand the Farce of the Pledge of Allegiance nbsp; It is unfortunate that the terrorists did not attack and destroy the Pledge of Allegiance instead of the World Trade Center.nbsp; But politicians and zealots have perverted patriotism to include a blind veneration of the United States based on an oversimplified conception that disregards current laws and social customs, a perversion evident in the idolatry performed regularly by most American citizens during the Pledge of Allegiance. nbsp;Read MoreAn Effective Type Of Birth Control1465 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to a study done by CNN, as many as one in eight teens within the United States have taken the virginity pledge (Tamkins, 2008). 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This information recentlyRead MoreThe Application Of The Patent System1502 Words   |  7 Pages Intellectual Property Midterm Question #2 The core purpose of the patent system is to incentivize innovation but the current system often has the opposite effect. Patents give inventors monopolies over their inventions for a period of time in order to allow inventors to recoup the costs of research and development (â€Å"RD†) and to generate profits that reward inventors’ efforts, encouraging future investment. In exchange, patentees dedicate their inventions to the public domain once their patents

The Impact of Christianity on Western Civilization

The Influence of Christianity on Western Civilization The positive influence of Christianity is far reaching especially in the rich history and culture of Western Civilization despite a long standing ignorance or adamant denial of its contributions. The Bible itself is responsible for much of the language, literature, and fine arts we enjoy today as its artists and composers were heavily influenced by its writings. Paul Maier, in writing the forward to the book How Christianity Changed the World by Alvin J. Schmidt, says this about the profound impact Christianity has had on the development of Western Civilization: â€Å"No other religion, philosophy, teaching, nation, movement—whatever—has so changed the world for the better as Christianity†¦show more content†¦The charter, signed in 1215 at Runnymede by King John granted a number of rights never held before this historic occasion including that â€Å"(1) justice could no longer be sold or denied to freeman who were under authority of barons; (2) no taxes could be levied without representation; (3) no one would be imprisoned without a trial; and (4) property could not be taken from the owner without just compensation (Schmidt 251). The Magna Carta had important Christian ties as demonstrated by its preamble that began, â€Å"John, by the grace of God†¦,† and stated that the charter was formulated out of â€Å"reverence for God and for the salvation of our soul and those of all our ancestors and heirs, for the honour of God and the exaltation of Holy Church and the reform of our realm, on the advice of our reverend [church] fathers† (Schmidt 251). This document also followed the precedent established in 325 at the Council of Nicaea in which Christian bishops wrote and adopted a formal code of fundamental beliefs to which all Christians were expected to adhere. The Magna Carta displayed what its formulators as Christians expected of the king and his subjects regarding civic liberties (Schmidt 251). Natural law is a concept with a long history dating back to the Greco-Roman philosophers. Despite some variations among philosophers one point of agreement was understood as â€Å"that process in nature by which human beings, through the use of sound reason, were able to perceive what was morally rightShow MoreRelatedA Short Note On The Edict Of Milan873 Words   |  4 Pages After the fascinating discoveries from Marco Polo, another event that was significant throughout Western Civilization is the Edict of Milan. The Edict of Milan was a declaration that permanently established religious tolerance for Christianity within the Roman Empire. The outcome of the political agreement concluded, of course, in Milan, between emperors of Constantine I and Licinius, in February 313. The declaration, was made for the East by Licinius, granting all people the freedom of any religionRead MoreAlexander The Great Of The Classical Greek Culture Essay1742 Words   |  7 Pageswell-designed ameni ties like parks, theatres and other public venues. As the cities grew, the need for a more comprehensive government expanded as well. Alexander the Great left behind an incredible legacy that would significantly impact not only future generations, but entire civilizations for thousand of years to come. Because of his strategic planning, military muscle and intrepid foresight, bustling cities (more than twenty named after Alexander the Great himself) flourished, philosophy expanded the wayRead MoreCultural, Economical, Religious, And Political Contributions847 Words   |  4 Pagesdevelopment of western culture. Albeit Rome embraced and developed some characteristics of Greek culture, they still made prominent contributions of their own. Rome and Greece contributed Christianity, Philosophy, The Republic, and Literature. At the time, Roman religion was centered on gods and the interpretation of why things were the way they were. Each god had its own special day where priest would sacrifice animals and offer it to them. 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But to come to this conclusion you must first look at all aspects of life of all three cultu res. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;TheRead MoreThe Catholic Church during the 7th and 8th Century1213 Words   |  5 Pagesin Rome became powerful in the 6th century, successfully continuing to be in power throughout the 9th century. The great altitude was reached by the Church when the Roman Empire was torn apart by the barbarians and then ripped throughout Europe. Western Europe is grateful to its preservation due to the rise of the Church. Nothing would manage to survive in the middle ages, if there had not been the alliance of the churches with the barbarian royalty, contributing to the preservation of agricultureRead MoreModel Essay Comparison Essay Post-Classical Civilizations1304 Words   |  6 PagesQuestion: With the collapse of the classical civilizations, post-classical civilizations arose shortly thereafter. Compare the factors that led to the rise post-classical civilizations from 500 CE to 1200CE between two of the following regions- Europe, East Asia, Africa or the Middle East . Model Essay Comparison Essay Post-Classical Civilizations With the collapse of the Roman, Gupta and Han empires, the world was left in a period of chaos with little structure in most areas. However afterRead MoreAncient Islamic Worlds And The Medieval Period1434 Words   |  6 Pages In many of the civilizations that have ever controlled apart of the world, have done some kind of trading in their history. This trading could be man-made, food, spices, or even more idea ridden things like ideology, movements, and idealism s. Although the trading of the man made things are easier than the idealism that are trades, those idealism still can and has effected a lot of civilizations. In Ancient Islamic worlds, the Byzantium Empire, and even during the medieval timer period they allRead MoreThe Differences Between Greeks And Romans1225 Words   |  5 PagesGreeks and Romans civilization achievements were put into the categories of politics, religion, and intellectualism. Religion has performed a major role in developments of societies. The main p oints that will be discussed in this paper are the overall benefits and consequences of religion, and the changes that were made. The beginnings of Christianity are very blurry, as far as historical fact is concerned. The tragedy of the Roman invasion resulted in the Greeks having to change there out look

The Secret of Ella and Micha Chapter 11 Free Essays

Ella The next morning Lila is feeling much better. It’s like last night never happened, but I wonder if it’s an act. â€Å"I have a feeling that today is going to be full of rainbows and sunshine,† Lila says cheerily as she applies her lipstick, using the mirror on the closet door. We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret of Ella and Micha Chapter 11 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Against my protest, she took down some of my sketches, so she could see her reflection. â€Å"See what, though?† I’d asked and she laughed, totally confused. â€Å"Are you high?† I tease as I twist my hair onto the back of my head and secure it with a clip. She pauses, looking at me over her shoulder. â€Å"Why do you always ask questions like that?† I slip on my boots and tie up the laces. â€Å"What kinds of questions?† She blots her lips. â€Å"Every time I’m happy, you always ask if I’m drunk or on something. People can be happy without substances.† I clasp a watch around my wrist. â€Å"Most people can, but not all.† Lila clips a diamond earring in. â€Å"You look really nice today.† I glance down at the black and purple dress I have on and the boots on my feet. â€Å"I forgot to do laundry so I had to wear some of my old clothes, which don’t match any of my new shoes.† â€Å"Well you look nice.† She gives an elongated pause. â€Å"So what’s on the agenda for today?† â€Å"It depends on what you’re doing?† I ask. â€Å"Are you†¦ where are you planning on staying?† She shuts off her phone and then discards it onto the bed. â€Å"I’d like to stick around with you for a while, if you don’t mind. We could hang out. I don’t have anything scheduled for the summer and I’m not going back home.† â€Å"Do you want to tell me what happened?† â€Å"No, not really.† â€Å"Okay†¦ well, I need to find a job,† I say. â€Å"I have to save up for the rest of my tuition since it doesn’t look like I’ll be getting that internship.† She puts a headband in her hair. â€Å"The one at that art museum.† â€Å"That’s the one and it doesn’t start until mid-June,† I explain. â€Å"But that’s only five weeks away, so I figured they’d have notified me if I got it.† â€Å"You never know. Sometimes things like that move slow.† She folds up a shirt and packs it into her bag, then ties a ribbon on the back of her shirt. â€Å"Although, if you get it that’d mean you’d have to go back to Vegas, right?† Nodding, I head for the door. Two weeks ago the idea of returning to the desert would make me happy, but something’s changed. I still want to go, though leaving will be a little bit harder. I collect my phone off the dresser, noting the flashing voicemail on the screen – Micha’s unread message. My finger hovers above the button as I step into the hall. He told me I wasn’t ready for what was on it? But am I ready for it now? â€Å"I don’t know why you think it’s so bad here.† Lila follows me. â€Å"Yeah, people are a little rough, but they’re not all bad and everywhere has bad stuff. You can’t hide from it.† â€Å"That’s very insightful.† I close my phone and put it away. â€Å"Bad comes in different forms,† Lila continues. â€Å"Whether it’s drug dealers on the corner or if it’s corrupt rich people or just your run-of-the-mill douche bag.† I don’t know much about Lila, other than she’s rich, her dad works as a lawyer and her mom stays home. She likes clothes, is great with numbers and was the only reason I passed pre-calculus. My brother’s door is open and he walks out as we’re passing by. He has a black and red polo shirt on and a pair of cargo pants. There’s some kind of gel in his hair and it looks shiny. â€Å"Hey, have you seen dad?† he asks, giving an acknowledging glance at Lila. I point at the shut door at the end of the hall. â€Å"I thought I heard him come in late last night and go into his room.† â€Å"He did, but he got up this morning.† He leans against the doorframe and crosses his arms. â€Å"I heard him stumbling around in that bathroom and crying all night, but now I can’t find him and I didn’t hear him leave. His work called the house, saying he didn’t show up, so he’s not there.† My fists clench so that my nails dig into my palms. â€Å"Did you check in the bathroom?† Dean’s eyes travel down the hall to the bathroom door and he shakes his head. â€Å"I haven’t and I don’t want to.† â€Å"Hi, I’m Lila,† she introduces herself and offers her hand. â€Å"You must be Ella’s brother, Dean.† Dean is vaguely amused and shakes her hand. â€Å"Yeah†¦ how do you know Ella?† â€Å"I was her roommate,† she responds, pressing her hand to her chest, faking being offended. â€Å"Didn’t she ever mention me?† â€Å"We don’t talk that much.† I eye the bathroom door again and my stomach twists. â€Å"We need to find Dad.† â€Å"I’m not looking in that bathroom, Ella, but if you want to, go ahead.† With legs flimsier than wet noodles, I walk down the dark hallway and stop in front of the door, having a flashback of the day my mom died. The door was closed and the house was soundless, except for the running of water. My hands tremble as I open the door. The room is bare, the tub empty, and the tile floor is clean, except for a small stain. There are no towels on the hooks and the mirror on the wall across from me shows my reflection. My auburn hair is curled perfectly in place, my lips are lined with gloss, and my green eyes are immense and reveal everything. â€Å"Dad isn’t in here,† I tell him, unable to look away from the mirror. â€Å"Are you sure you didn’t hear him leave the house?† â€Å"He could have left and I just didn’t hear him,† he answers. â€Å"But when has he ever left the house quietly before?† I quickly slam the bathroom door, like I’m trying to put out a fire, and race back down the hall. â€Å"Someone needs to find him. Did you try and call him?† â€Å"Of course. I’m not a moron.† He rolls his eyes and nods. â€Å"And he didn’t answer.† Lila shifts her weight and forces the uncomfortable conversation elsewhere. â€Å"So you play the drums, Dean?† He motions to his drum set in the middle of his small room with dark blue walls. The floor and bed are cluttered with boxes and the curtain is pulled back, letting the sunlight spill in. â€Å"I used to, but I don’t much anymore. I have work and a fiance.† â€Å"Fiance?† Lila and I say simultaneously. â€Å"Yeah, as in we’re engaged.† Dean rolls his eyes and goes back into his room. â€Å"It’s what happens when two people date for a really long time.† â€Å"Why didn’t you tell me?† I ask, following him into his room. He picks up a small box and drops it onto the floor. â€Å"Do you really care that I am?† I carefully nudge the box out of the way with my foot. â€Å"You’re my brother. Of course I care.† â€Å"But it’s not like we’ve ever really gotten along,† he points out. â€Å"I haven’t even talked to you for a year. God, I didn’t even know you went to college until a week ago.† He’s right, which is sad. I barely know him, he barely knows me, and I’m starting to think I barely know me, too. â€Å"Does Dad know you’re engaged?† I ask. â€Å"Were you at least planning on telling him?† â€Å"Even if I told him, he’d just forget the next day.† He empties a dresser drawer into a large open box and then aligns the drawer back into place. â€Å"You know how he is. Christ, I don’t even think half the time he knows that you and I don’t live here anymore.† â€Å"He still deserves to be told,† I say. â€Å"He’s not a bad guy and you know it. He just has problems.† â€Å"Problems that fucked up our childhood.† He kicks a box out of the way with force and it crashes into the wall. â€Å"You do realize that how we grew up wasn’t normal. God, even Micha had it easier and his dad bailed out on him, but at least he had a stable mom to take care of him.† â€Å"Umm†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Lila pokes her head in the room. â€Å"I think I’m going to wait outside for you, Ella.† God, I’d forgotten she was even there and she just heard all of that. â€Å"Okay, I’ll be down in a second,† I tell her and she leaves readily. I wander around Dean’s room, taking in the photos he has up. â€Å"I think we may have just scared her to death.† Dean picks up his drumsticks and places them into a large duffel bag. â€Å"Okay, I have to ask. How did you end up being friends with her?† â€Å"She was my roommate and we just sort of bonded.† I shrug, picking up a photo of Dean and his friends on a sunny beach. It was taken during his Senior Field Trip and he looks happy. â€Å"You bonded,† he accuses. â€Å"The girl looks like a spoiled princess.† I eye his preppy clothes. â€Å"So do you.† â€Å"First off, I’m not a princess and I’ve earned what I have,† he says. â€Å"It wasn’t just handed to me.† â€Å"Maybe she did, too.† â€Å"Did she?† I hate to give him the benefit of being right. â€Å"No, her parents are pretty well off.† He looks at me with that stupid arrogant expression he gets when I admit he’s right. â€Å"Well, there you have it then.† â€Å"She’s nice,† I protest. â€Å"And she doesn’t ask a lot of questions.† â€Å"It may seem like you need to keep things to yourself,† he says, putting a blanket into a box. â€Å"But it’s not healthy. You need to find someone you can let it all out to. Otherwise you’re going to lose it.† My eyes roam to the window where the edge of Micha’s house is visible. â€Å"I think I already did.† Dean’s forehead creases as he drops a handful of guitar picks into a trunk. â€Å"Lose it? Or talk to someone about it?† â€Å"Both.† I back toward the door. â€Å"When are you heading back to Chicago?† â€Å"Hopefully by tonight. No offense or anything, but this place brings back way too many unpleasant memories.† â€Å"Try to say good-bye before you leave.† He doesn’t respond and I don’t wait around for an answer. That was probably the longest conversation that we’ve ever had and I have a feeling it may be our last for a very long time. How to cite The Secret of Ella and Micha Chapter 11, Essay examples

Market Research Deception

Introduction Identifying and using primary sources in a market research needs careful consideration, and some experience and expertise. Unlike the other sources of information, such primary sources come from a direct witness. A primary source is reliable, and researchers consider it as the best source because it contains the original information and is free from errors or bias.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Market Research Deception specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some of the sources of primary data include interviews, questionnaires, and observations among others. This paper discusses Emily a new researcher asked to conduct a telephone survey by her supervisor. It provides an analysis of the value conflict, the prescriptive course of action, and the script. Analysis of the values conflict In her case, Emily must encounter several challenges. As aforementioned, identifying and using primary sources in a market research requires careful thought and some experience or knowledge. Emily is new in this field, and she is prone to many challenges in the communication process. The article provides an example to show her naivety. For instance, she introduced herself as a researcher for a market research firm, instead of disguising herself as a student, in order to get the information she required. The firms from which she was researching would not give out their information to other competing firms. Their core competencies cannot be released to their competitors. The components of the values conflict in Emily’s case include mistrust, strained and hostile communication, misunderstandings, non-negotiability, and negative stereotyping among others. All these must be encountered in the research. The other component of value conflict in Emily’s case is mistrust. It is obvious that the firms she is researching from can develop feelings of mistrust and suspicion, and refuse to open up to h er. She might for instance, inquire about sensitive information from the firms, which is opposed to the firm’s constitution. Many companies do not disclose their core competencies because they want to gain a competitive advantage over their competitors. This can lead them to respond negatively, and hence leave Emily to be stunned and offended. Different conceptions of value between these two parties can lead to misunderstanding and mistrust.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The other component of the values and conflict is the hostile characteristic of communication between Emily and the firm. Misunderstandings and mistrusts between these two parties in the communication process can result in hostile communication; for example, personal attacks, denunciations, or curse. The communication intended to persuade and inform can turn out to be a wasted research. Negative ste reotyping and the non – negotiability are also components of values conflict. Emily may feel stunned or offended because of the actions or words she receives from the firm on the telephone survey, and hence denounce the words and the firm at large. The table below shows a list of stakeholders and what the researcher intends to research from them List of stakeholders What is at stake Stakeholder A How the stakeholder employs media in its marketing Stakeholder B How the stakeholder attracts, retains and builds brand loyalty in customers Stakeholder C What are the stakeholder’s core competencies Stakeholder D How they reduce costs and maximize on profits and revenues Prescriptive course of action To avoid mistrust, strained and hostile communication, misunderstandings, non-negotiability, and negative stereotyping; Emily should prepare herself first before conducting the research. Having a plan for her marketing research can help her in many ways. She can use it to know what she will expect from her respondents. This can help her come up with strategies that can influence the respondents to provide her with the information she is seeking. Emily should seek help for the challenges she encounters in conducting the primary research from her supervisor and other sources. This can help her come up with solutions for morals and values conflicts, and hence conduct the research successfully. She should be prepared early enough before she conducts any research particularly, a primary research. This can include determining what she wants to learn, the person she will interview, how she will do it, what she will ask, testing and asking questions, and lastly is producing her results. Script Emily demonstrates naivety in her first research study. She is not comfortable with advice from her supervisor about disguising herself as a student conducting a research for a class project. She should continue conducting research and keep on learning new skill s to perfect her studies. Introducing a complicated strategy at this stage can make the situation even worse.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Market Research Deception specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More She should follow what her supervisor asks of her, and ask questions when she needs to do so. It is obvious that the supervisor is competent in conducting research. Emily should follow her advice, and in the process, she will learn more and come up with new skills in her research studies. Early preparation for research should be a primary concern. Conclusion Values conflicts hinder the conduct of research successfully. In Emily’s case, the components of the values conflict may include mistrust, strained and hostile communication, misunderstandings, non-negotiability, and negative stereotyping among others. Using primary sources in a market research requires careful thought, and some experience and knowledge by researchers. To avoid values conflict, it is necessary to plan for research early enough, assess all the challenges and come up with remedies to the challenges. This essay on Market Research Deception was written and submitted by user Shatterstar to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Negative Effects of Medical Te essays

Negative Effects of Medical Te essays The Negative Impact of Medical Technology on Society At a glance, the very idea of medical advancements being negative seems ridiculous. It helps people, and prolongs life, ultimately making everyone happier. Although there are not many downfalls, they can ultimately outweigh the good if left unchecked. We, as a society, could be facing atrocities such as global overpopulation much sooner than previously thought. Doctors are, in fact, playing God, but nobody will admit to it. Saving lives is, without a doubt, a wonderful thing, but humanity needs to know when to draw the line. There has to be a limit. Without a doubt, saving lives is an important aspect of human nature. Nobody wants to lose a loved one to a disease, especially a curable one. Every person alive would undoubtedly rather have their friends, family, and loved ones with them their whole lives. Medical technology, at its best, can improve the length and quality of life. The biggest problem is that people need to know where to stop. This is humanitys greatest flaw. Of the possibilities, the least but most imminent problem is the consumption of healthcare. By 2030, scientists estimate that the number of retirees will double, but the working/taxpaying class will have only increased by 18%, and by the year 2050, 25% of Americas population will be over 65 (Dominus 32). This means the working class is going to have to work harder just to keep the elderly alive and comfortable. Social security will no longer be taxed to the individual, for their own future use, but will be taxed by a much larger amount towards everyone in the public. Tactics like this would be needed just to keep a fresh pool of money for the elderly. Any politician that went against this would be voted out of office unanimously by the elderly percentage of the population. It may even grow to the point where ...entire elections are won based on who has a...

Spains American Colonies and the Encomienda System

Spains American Colonies and the Encomienda System In the 1500s, Spain systematically conquered parts of North, Central and South America as well as the Caribbean. With native governments such as the efficient Inca Empire in ruins, the Spanish conquistadors  needed to find a way to rule their new subjects. The encomienda system was put in place in several areas, most importantly in Peru. Under the encomienda system, prominent Spaniards were entrusted with native communities. In exchange for native labor and tribute, the Spanish lord would provide protection and education. In reality, however, the encomienda system was thinly-masked slavery and led to some of the worst horrors of the colonial era. The Encomienda System The word encomienda comes from the Spanish word encomendar, meaning to entrust. The encomienda system had been used in feudal Spain during the reconquest and had survived in some form ever since. In the Americas, the first encomiendas were handed out by Christopher Columbus in the Caribbean. Spanish conquistadors, settlers, priests or colonial officials were given a repartimiento, or grant of land. These lands were often quite vast. The land included any native cities, towns, communities or families that lived there. The natives were supposed to provide tribute, in the form of gold or silver, crops, and foodstuffs, animals such as pigs or llamas or anything else the land produced. The natives could also be made to work for a certain amount of time, say on a sugarcane plantation or in a mine. In return, the owner, or encomendero, was responsible for the well-being of his subjects and was to see to it that they were converted and educated about Christianity. A Troublesome System The Spanish crown reluctantly approved the granting of encomiendas because it needed to reward the conquistadors and establish a system of governance in the newly-conquered territories, and the encomiendas were a quick-fix that killed both birds with one stone. The system essentially made landed nobility out of men whose only skills were murder, mayhem, and torture: the kings hesitated to set up a New World oligarchy which could later prove troublesome. It also swiftly led to abuses: encomenderos made unreasonable demands of the natives who lived on their lands, working them excessively or demanding tribute of crops that could not be grown on the land. These problems appeared quickly. The first New World haciendas, granted in the Caribbean, often had only 50 to 100 natives and even on such a small scale, it wasn’t long before the encomenderos had virtually enslaved their subjects. Encomiendas in Peru In Peru, where encomiendas were granted on the ruins of the rich and mighty Inca Empire, the abuses soon reached epic proportions. The encomenderos there showed an inhuman indifference to the suffering of the families on their encomiendas. They did not change the quotas even when crops failed or disasters struck: many natives were forced to choose between fulfilling quotas and starving to death or failing to meet quotas and facing the often-lethal punishment of the overseers. Men and women were forced to work in mines for weeks at a time, often by candlelight in deep shafts. The mercury mines were particularly lethal. During the first years of the colonial era, Peruvian natives died by the hundreds of thousands. Administration of the Encomiendas The owners of the encomiendas were not supposed to ever visit the encomienda lands: this was supposed to cut down on abuses. The natives instead brought the tribute to wherever the owner happened to be, generally in the larger cities. The natives were often forced to walk for days with heavy loads to be delivered to their encomendero. The lands were run by cruel overseers and native chieftains who often demanded extra tribute themselves, making the lives of the natives even more miserable. Priests were supposed to live on the encomienda lands, instructing the natives in Catholicism, and often these men became defenders of the people they taught, but just as often they committed abuses of their own, living with native women or demanding tribute of their own. The Reformers While the conquistadors were wringing every last speck of gold from their miserable subjects, the ghastly reports of abuses piled up in Spain. The Spanish crown was in a tough spot: the royal fifth, or 20% tax on conquests and mining in the New World, was fueling the expansion of the Spanish Empire. On the other hand, the crown had made it quite clear that the Indians were not slaves but Spanish subjects with certain rights, which were being flagrant, systematically and horrifically violated. Reformers such as Bartolomà © de las Casas were predicting everything from the complete depopulation of the Americas to the eternal damnation of everyone involved in the whole sordid enterprise. In 1542, Charles V of Spain finally listened to them and passed the so-called New Laws. The New Laws The New Laws were a series of royal ordinances designed to halt the abuses of the encomienda system, particularly in Peru. Natives were to have their rights as citizens of Spain and could not be forced to work if they did not want to. Reasonable tribute could be collected, but any additional work was to be paid for. Existing encomiendas would pass to the crown upon the death of the encomendero, and no new encomiendas were to be granted. Furthermore, anyone who abused natives or who had participated in the conquistador civil wars could lose their encomiendas. The king approved the laws and sent a Viceroy, Blasco Nà ºÃƒ ±ez Vela, to Lima with clear orders to enforce them. Rebellion The colonial elite was livid with rage when the provisions of the New Laws became known. The encomenderos had lobbied for years for the encomiendas to be made permanent and passable from one generation to another, something the King had always resisted. The New Laws removed all hope of perpetuity being granted. In Peru, most of the settlers had taken part in the conquistador civil wars and could, therefore, lose their encomiendas immediately. The settlers rallied around Gonzalo Pizarro, one of the leaders of the original conquest of the Inca Empire and brother of Francisco Pizarro. Pizarro defeated Viceroy Nà ºÃƒ ±ez, who was killed in battle, and basically ruled Peru for two years before another royalist army defeated him; Pizarro was captured and executed. A few years later, the second rebellion under Francisco Hernndez Girà ³n took place and was also put down. End of the Encomienda System The King of Spain almost lost Peru during these conquistador uprisings. Gonzalo Pizarros supporters had urged him to declare himself King of Peru, but he refused: had he done so, Peru might have successfully split from Spain 300 years early. Charles V felt it prudent to suspend or repeal the most hated aspects of the New Laws. The Spanish crown still steadfastly refused to grant encomiendas in perpetuity, however, so slowly these lands reverted to the crown. Some of the encomenderos managed to secure title-deeds to certain lands: unlike the encomiendas, these could be passed down from one generation to the next. Those families that held land would eventually become the native oligarchy. Once the encomiendas reverted to the crown, they were overseen by corregidores, royal agents who administered crown holdings. These men proved to be every bit as bad as the encomenderos had been: corregidores were appointed for relatively brief periods, so they tended to squeeze as much as they could out of a particular holding while they could. In other words, although the encomiendas were phased out eventually by the crown, the lot of the native workers did not improve. The encomienda system was one of the many horrors inflicted on the native people of the New World during the conquest and colonial eras. It was essentially slavery, given but a thin (and illusory) veneer of respectability for the Catholic education that it implied. It legally allowed the Spaniards to work the natives literally to death in the fields and mines. It seems counter-productive to kill off your own workers, but the Spanish conquistadors in question were only interested in getting as rich as they could as quickly as they could: this greed led directly to hundreds of thousands of deaths in the native population. To the conquistadors and settlers, the encomiendas were nothing less than their fair and just reward for the risks they had taken during the conquest. They saw the New Laws as the actions of an ungrateful king who, after all, had been sent 20% of Atahualpas ransom. Reading them today, the New Laws do not seem radical - they provide for basic human rights such as the right to be paid for work and the right to not be unreasonably taxed. The fact that the settlers rebelled, fought and died to fight the New Laws only shows how deeply they had sunk into greed and cruelty. Sources: Burkholder, Mark and Lyman L. Johnson. Colonial Latin America. Fourth Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. Hemming, John. The Conquest of the Inca London: Pan Books, 2004 (original 1970). Herring, Hubert. A History of Latin America From the Beginnings to the Present. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962 Patterson, Thomas C. The Inca Empire: The Formation and Disintegration of a Pre-Capitalist State.New York: Berg Publishers, 1991.

Services problem of Samsung (White paper) Essay

Services problem of Samsung (White paper) - Essay Example One of the critical areas is customer service, and Samsung suffers an epic service problem. In order to correct this problem, a PRS program needs to be implemented. It is cost effective and will spare the company revenue which will have been lost by disgruntled customers. Brand 2 is an international customer relation consultant with an access to the best minds in the service providers. It has a long history and a wide range of customer relations programs and successes in the media industry. Samsung does not require bad publicity in a highly competitive world. Bad publicity tends to scare aware prospective investors and potential customers. Brand 2 can change that and ensure that not only satisfied customers, but also an efficient service team that responds, connects and performs to its level best. This problem is underscored. Samsung customer service ranks no 465 out of the 747 companies that have a Customer Service Scoreboard rating. According to the survey of 1,771 customers of Samsung, there are 1,692 negative comments. This is an overall score of 29.97 out of a possible 200 based upon 1831 ratings. The score rates Samsung customer service and customer support as inadequate. With the highly competitive nature of the technology industry this might be the waterloo of Samsung. Most customers complained of the staff rudeness and dishonesty. The negative comments keep repeating themselves. This is not only a ticking time bomb but a disaster as far as public relation is concerned. For a company of Samsung nature this certainly something that needs urgent attention. The general nature of mankind is to promote negativity; in as far as customer relation is concerned, this poses a major risk. Negative news sells. (KS consulting limited) Unhappy customers spread the word! Depending on the industry this can even be worse. Today, the dangers of negative word-of-mouth are copious;